This line of research examines the relationship between characteristics of the geographical environment, ranging from street segments characterized by varying crime rates (“hotspots” and “cold spots”) to broader residential, areasand emotional and physiological responses, as well as a propensity for aggressive behavior. Within this framework, we investigate the interplay between cortisol and testosterone as biological markers of stress-related responses, including withdrawal and approach tendencies, and environmental conditions, in relation to aggressive and violent behavior as well as reduced mental well-being across different populations, including formerly incarcerated individuals.